43: 192202. 23. Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, et

43: 192202. 23. Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, et al. Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23: 29472948. 24. Kelley LA, Sternberg MJE Protein structure prediction on the Net: a case study working with the Phyre server. Nat Protocols 4: 363371. 25. Myers JS, Zhao R, Xu X, Ham A-JL, Cortez D Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2Dependent Phosphorylation of ATRIP Regulates the G2-M Checkpoint Response to DNA Damage. Cancer Research 67: 66856690. 26. Ball HL, Ehrhardt MR, Mordes DA, Glick GG, Chazin WJ, et al. Function of a Conserved Checkpoint Recruitment Domain in ATRIP Proteins. Molecular and Cellular Biology 27: 33673377. 27. Lovejoy CA, Xu X, Bansbach CE, Glick GG, Zhao R, et al. Functional genomic screens determine CINP as a genome upkeep protein. Proceedings on the National Academy of Sciences 106: 1930419309. 28. Nam EA, Zhao R, Cortez D Analysis of Mutations That Dissociate G2 and Essential S Phase Functions of Human Ataxia Telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related Protein Kinase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286: 3732037327. 29. Cortez D, Glick G, Elledge SJ Minichromosome maintenance proteins are direct targets from the ATM and ATR checkpoint kinases. Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences from the Usa of America 101: 10078 10083. 30. Brown EJ, Baltimore D Critical and dispensable roles of ATR in cell cycle arrest and genome maintenance. Genes & Development 17: 615628. 31. Rubinson EH, Gowda ASP, Spratt TE, Gold B, Eichman BF An unprecedented nucleic acid capture mechanism for excision of DNA harm. Nature 468: 406411. 32. Sibanda BL, Chirgadze DY, Blundell TL Crystal structure of DNA-PKcs reveals a large open-ring cradle comprised of HEAT repeats. Nature 463: 118 121. 33. Chen X, Zhao R, Glick GG, Cortez D Function of your ATR N-terminal domain revealed by an ATM/ATR chimera. Experimental Cell Investigation 313: 16671674. 34. Ball HL, Myers JS, Cortez D ATRIP Binding to Replication Protein ASingle-stranded DNA Promotes ATRATRIP Localization but Is Dispensable for Chk1 Phosphorylation. Molecular Biology of the Cell 16: 23722381. 35. Zou L, Elledge SJ Sensing DNA Damage Through ATRIP Recognition of RPA-ssDNA Complexes. Science 300: 15421548. 8 ~~ ~~ Archaea belong to the second domain of Prokarya and their phylogenetic distance to Bacteria and Eukarya is reflected by genetic as well as structural differences. Members from the domain archaea are ubiquitous and exist in a broad variety 23727046 of habitats ranging from environments with temperatures above 100uC or with very high salinity to ecosystems with mild growth conditions such as sewages, the oceans and soils . Since archaea were originally described to occur only in extreme environments, their potential impact in the ecosystem of eukaryotes regarding physiology or pathogenicity was not considered for many years. However, members on the archaea have currently been shown to appear frequently and in high numbers as part of your commensal microbiota found in insects, and mammals including humans. Particularly, the methanoarchaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii has been shown to be the most abundant archaeon within the human intestine comprising up to 10% of all the present anaerobically growing microorganisms, and its quantities within the human gut have been shown to be stable over life time. By converting bacterial primary and secondary fermentation products, like hydrogen and carbon dioxide to methane, M. smithii is necessary for syntrophic metaboli.43: 192202. 23. Larkin MA, Blackshields G, Brown NP, Chenna R, McGettigan PA, et al. Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics 23: 29472948. 24. Kelley LA, Sternberg MJE Protein structure prediction around the Web: a case study employing the Phyre server. Nat Protocols 4: 363371. 25. Myers JS, Zhao R, Xu X, Ham A-JL, Cortez D Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2Dependent Phosphorylation of ATRIP Regulates the G2-M Checkpoint Response to DNA Harm. Cancer Research 67: 66856690. 26. Ball HL, Ehrhardt MR, Mordes DA, Glick GG, Chazin WJ, et al. Function of a Conserved Checkpoint Recruitment Domain in ATRIP Proteins. Molecular and Cellular Biology 27: 33673377. 27. Lovejoy CA, Xu X, Bansbach CE, Glick GG, Zhao R, et al. Functional genomic screens determine CINP as a genome maintenance protein. Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences 106: 1930419309. 28. Nam EA, Zhao R, Cortez D Analysis of Mutations That Dissociate G2 and Vital S Phase Functions of Human Ataxia Telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related Protein Kinase. Journal of Biological Chemistry 286: 3732037327. 29. Cortez D, Glick G, Elledge SJ Minichromosome maintenance proteins are direct targets on the ATM and ATR checkpoint kinases. Proceedings from the National Academy of Sciences on the United states of america of America 101: 10078 10083. 30. Brown EJ, Baltimore D Vital and dispensable roles of ATR in cell cycle arrest and genome upkeep. Genes & Development 17: 615628. 31. Rubinson EH, Gowda ASP, Spratt TE, Gold B, Eichman BF An unprecedented nucleic acid capture mechanism for excision of DNA damage. Nature 468: 406411. 32. Sibanda BL, Chirgadze DY, Blundell TL Crystal structure of DNA-PKcs reveals a large open-ring cradle comprised of HEAT repeats. Nature 463: 118 121. 33. Chen X, Zhao R, Glick GG, Cortez D Function in the ATR N-terminal domain revealed by an ATM/ATR chimera. Experimental Cell Analysis 313: 16671674. 34. Ball HL, Myers JS, Cortez D ATRIP Binding to Replication Protein ASingle-stranded DNA Promotes ATRATRIP Localization but Is Dispensable for Chk1 Phosphorylation. Molecular Biology on the Cell 16: 23722381. 35. Zou L, Elledge SJ Sensing DNA Harm Through ATRIP Recognition of RPA-ssDNA Complexes. Science 300: 15421548. 8 ~~ ~~ Archaea belong to the second domain of Prokarya and their phylogenetic distance to Bacteria and Eukarya is reflected by genetic as well as structural differences. Members from the domain archaea are ubiquitous and exist in a broad variety 23727046 of habitats ranging from environments with temperatures above 100uC or with very high salinity to ecosystems with mild growth conditions such as sewages, the oceans and soils . Since archaea were originally described to occur only in extreme environments, their potential impact in the ecosystem of eukaryotes regarding physiology or pathogenicity was not considered for many years. However, members with the archaea have currently been shown to appear frequently and in high numbers as part with the commensal microbiota found in insects, and mammals including humans. Particularly, the methanoarchaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii has been shown to be the most abundant archaeon within the human intestine comprising up to 10% of all the present anaerobically growing microorganisms, and its quantities within the human gut have been shown to be stable over life time. By converting bacterial primary and secondary fermentation products, like hydrogen and carbon dioxide to methane, M. smithii is crucial for syntrophic metaboli.